Ye, M., Marzullo, B., Adler, H. J., Hu, B.H., 2024. Expression Profiling of Cochlear Genes Uncovers Sex-Based Cellular Function in Mouse Cochleae. Hear Res. 488.
Zhang, C., Ye, M., Bush, P., Hu, B.H., 2023. Heterogeneity in Macrophages Along the Cochlear Spiral in Mice: Insights from SEM and Functional Analyses. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 17.
DeBacker, J.R., Hu, B.H., Bielefeld, E.C., 2022. Mild hearing loss in C57BL6/J mice after exposure to antiretroviral compounds during gestation and nursing. Int J Audiol, 1-7.
Zheng, T., Huang, W., Yu, H., Hu, B.H., Song, P., McCarty, C.M., Lu, L., Jaster, J., Jin, G., Zhang, Y., 2022. gom1 Mutant Mice as a Model of Otitis Media. Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology 23(2), 213-223.
Zhao, T., Ma, P., Zhao, F., Zheng, T., Yan, B., Zhang, Q., Yuan, J., Hu, B., Yang, Y., Hu, J., Geng, R., Hu, B.H., Sun, T., Zheng, Q.Y., Li, B., 2021. Phenotypic differences in the inner ears of CBA/CaJ and C57BL/6J mice carrying missense and single base pair deletion mutations in the Cdh23 gene. J Neurosci Res.
Zhao, T., Zheng, T., Yu, H., Hu, B.H., Hu, B., Ma, P., Yang, Y., Yang, N., Hu, J., Cao, T., 2021. Autophagy impairment as a key feature for acetaminophen-induced ototoxicity. Cell death & disease 12(1), 1-19.
Zhang, C., Frye, M.D., Riordan, J., Sharma, A., Manohar, S., Salvi, R., Sun, W., Hu, B.H., 2021. Loss of CX3CR1 augments neutrophil infiltration into cochlear tissues after acoustic overstimulation. Journal of Neuroscience Research 99(11), 2999-3020.
Zhuang, H., Yang, J., Huang, Z., Liu, H., Li, X., Zhang, H., Wang, J., Yu, S., Liu, K., Liu, R., Bi, M., Wang, J., Salvi, R., Hu, B.H., Teng, G., Liu, L., 2020. Accelerated age-related decline in hippocampal neurogenesis in mice with noise-induced hearing loss is associated with hippocampal microglial degeneration. Aging 12(19), 19493-19519.
Zhao, H., Wang, Y., Li, B., Zheng, T., Liu, X., Hu, B.H., Che, J., Zhao, T., Chen, J., Hatzoglou, M., Zhang, X., Fan, Z., Zheng, Q., 2020. Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Otitis Media. Front Genet 11, 495.
Zheng, Q.Y., Kui, L., Xu, F., Zheng, T., Li, B., McCarty, M., Sun, Z., Zhang, A., Liu, L., Starlard-Davenport, A., Stepanyan, R., Hu, B.H., Lu, L., 2020. An Age-Related Hearing Protection Locus on Chromosome 16 of BXD Strain Mice. Neural Plast 2020, 8889264.
Zhang, C., Frye, M.D., Sun, W., Sharma, A., Manohar, S., Salvi, R., Hu, B.H., 2020. New insights on repeated acoustic injury: Augmentation of cochlear susceptibility and inflammatory reaction resultant of prior acoustic injury. Hear Res 393, 107996.
Dong, Y., Zhang, C., Frye, M., Yang, W., Ding, D., Sharma, A., Guo, W., Hu, B.H., 2018. Differential fates of tissue macrophages in the cochlea during postnatal development. Hear Res 365, 110-126.
Frye, M.D., Zhang, C., Hu, B.H., 2018. Lower level noise exposure that produces only TTS modulates the immune homeostasis of cochlear macrophages. Journal of Neuroimmunology 323, 152-166.
Hu, B.H., Zhang, C., Frye, M.D., 2018. Immune cells and non-immune cells with immune function in mammalian cochleae. Hear Res 362, 14-24.
Zhang, C., Sun, W., Li, J., Xiong, B., Frye, M.D., Ding, D., Salvi, R., Kim, M.J., Someya, S., Hu, B.H., 2017. Loss of sestrin 2 potentiates the early onset of age-related sensory cell degeneration in the cochlea. Neuroscience 361, 179-191.
Frye, M.D., Yang, W., Zhang, C., Xiong, B., Hu, B.H., 2017. Dynamic activation of basilar membrane macrophages in response to chronic sensory cell degeneration in aging mouse cochleae. Hear Res 344, 125-134.
Xu, Y., Yang, W.P., Hu, B.H., Yang, S., Henderson, D., 2017. Involvement of p53 and Bcl-2 in sensory cell degeneration in aging rat cochleae. Acta oto-laryngologica 137(6), 572-580.
Sheppard, A.M., Chen, G.D., Manohar, S., Ding, D., Hu, B.H., Sun, W., Zhao, J., Salvi, R., 2017. Prolonged low-level noise-induced plasticity in the peripheral and central auditory system of rats. Neuroscience 359, 159-171.
Vethanayagam, R.R., Yang, W., Dong, Y., Hu, B.H., 2016. Toll-like receptor 4 modulates the cochlear immune response to acoustic injury. Cell Death Dis 7(6), e2245.
Yang, S.Z., Cai, Q.F., Vethanayagam, R.R., Wang, J.M., Yang, W.P., Hu, B.H., 2016. Immune defense is the primary function associated with the differentially expressed genes in the cochlea following acoustic trauma. Hearing Research 333, 283-294.
Wang, D., Xiong, B., Xiong, F., Chen, G.-D., Hu, B.H., Sun, W., 2016. Apical hair cell degeneration causes the increase in the amplitude of summating potential. Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 1-6.
Hu, B.H. 2016. Noise-induced hearing loss: a review of recent advances. Chinese Journal of Otology. 14(6) 702-707.
Guo, Z., Tzvetkova, B., Bassik, J.M., Bodziak, T., Wojnar, B.M., Qiao, W., Obaida, M.A., Nelson, S.B., Hu, B.H., Yu, P., 2015. RNASeqMetaDB: a database and web server for navigating metadata of publicly available mouse RNA-Seq datasets. Bioinformatics 31(24), 4038-4040.
Wang, B., Hu, B., Yang, S., 2015. Cell junction proteins within the cochlea: A review of recent research. Journal of Otology 10(4), 131-135.
Yang, S.Z., Cai, Q.F., Bard, J., Jamison, J., Wang, J.M., Yang, W.P., Hu, B.H., 2015. Variation analysis of transcriptome changes reveals cochlear genes and their associated functions in cochlear susceptibility to acoustic overstimulation. Hearing Research 330, 78-89.
Yang, W., Vethanayagam, R.R., Dong, Y., Cai, Q., Hu, B.H., 2015. Activation of the antigen presentation function of mononuclear phagocyte populations associated with the basilar membrane of the cochlea after acoustic overstimulation. Neuroscience 303, 1-15.
Cai, Q., Vethanayagam, R.R., Yang, S., Bard, J., Jamison, J., Cartwright, D., Dong, Y., Hu, B.H., 2014a. Molecular profile of cochlear immunity in the resident cells of the organ of Corti. J Neuroinflammation 11(1), 173.
Cai, Q., Wang, B., Coling, D., Zuo, J., Fang, J., Yang, S., Vera, K., Hu, B.H., 2014b. Reduction in noise-induced functional loss of the cochleae in mice with pre-existing cochlear dysfunction due to genetic interference of prestin. PLoS One 9(12), e113990.
Cai, Q., Wang, B., Patel, M., Yang, S.M., Hu, B.H., 2013a. RNAlater facilitates microdissection of sensory cell-enriched samples from the mouse cochlea for transcriptional analyses. J Neurosci Methods 219(2), 240-251.
Cai, Q., Whitcomb, C., Eggleston, J., Sun, W., Salvi, R., Hu, B.H., 2013b. Round window closure affects cochlear responses to suprathreshold stimuli. Laryngoscope 123(12).
Patel, M., Cai, Q., Ding, D., Salvi, R., Hu, Z., Hu, B.H., 2013a. The miR-183/Taok1 target pair is implicated in cochlear responses to acoustic trauma. PLoS One 8(3), e58471.
Patel, M., Hu, Z., Bard, J., Jamison, J., Cai, Q., Hu, B.H., 2013b. Transcriptome characterization by RNA-Seq reveals the involvement of the complement components in noise-traumatized rat cochleae. Neuroscience 248C, 1-16.
Patel, M., Hu, B.H., 2012. MicroRNAs in inner ear biology and pathogenesis. Hear Res 287(1-2), 6-14.
Hu, B.H., 2013. Noise-induced cochlear damage: changes in cell adhesion contributes to sensory cell death. Canadian Hearing Report. 8 (1). 45-47.
Hu, B.H., 2013. High-Throughput Technologies for Gene Expression Analyses: What We Have Learned for Noise-Induced Cochlear Degeneration. Journal of Otology 8(1), 25-31.
Yang, W.P., Xu, Y., Guo, W.W., Liu, H.Z., Hu, B.H., 2013. Modulation of Mcl-1 expression reduces age-related cochlear degeneration. Neurobiol Aging 34(11), 2647-2658.
Tanaka, C., Coling, D.E., Manohar, S., Chen, G.D., Hu, B.H., Salvi, R., Henderson, D., 2012. Expression pattern of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense-related genes in the aging Fischer 344/NHsd rat cochlea. Neurobiol Aging 33(8), 1842.e1841-1842.e1814.
Zheng, G., Hu, B.H., 2012. Cell-cell junctions: a target of acoustic overstimulation in the sensory epithelium of the cochlea. BMC Neurosci 13, 71.
Cai, Q., Patel, M., Coling, D., Hu, B.H., 2012. Transcriptional changes in adhesion-related genes are site-specific during noise-induced cochlear pathogenesis. Neurobiol Dis 45(2), 723-732.
Yang, W.P., Guo, W.W., Liu, H.Z., Xu, Y., Chen, L., Hu, B.H., 2012. Age-related changes in the ratio of Mcl-1/Bax expression in the rat cochlea. Acta Otolaryngol 132(2), 123-132.
Hu, B.H., Cai, Q., Hu, Z., Patel, M., Bard, J., Jamison, J., Coling, D., 2012. Metalloproteinases and their associated genes contribute to the functional integrity and noise-induced damage in the cochlear sensory epithelium. J Neurosci 32(43), 14927-14941.
Jamesdaniel, S., Hu, B., Kermany, M.H., Jiang, H., Ding, D., Coling, D., Salvi, R., 2011. Noise induced changes in the expression of p38/MAPK signaling proteins in the sensory epithelium of the inner ear. Journal of proteomics 75(2), 410-424.
Yang, W.P., Hu, B.H., Sun, J.H., Zhai, S.Q., Henderson, D., 2010. Death mode-dependent reduction in succinate dehydrogenase activity in hair cells of aging rat cochleae. Chin Med J (Engl) 123(13), 1633-1638.
Hu, B.H., Cai, Q., 2010. Acoustic overstimulation modifies Mcl-1 expression in cochlear sensory epithelial cells. J Neurosci Res 88(8), 1812-1821.
Hu, B.H., 2009. Mechanisms of noise-induced hair cell death. The ASHA Leader 14(14), 5-6.
Yang, W.P., Hu, B.H., Chen, G.D., Bielefeld, E.C., Henderson, D., 2009. Protective effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (L-NAC) against styrene-induced cochlear injuries. Acta Otolaryngol(129), 1036-1043.
Chen, G.D., Hu, B.H., Chi, L.H., Li, M., Zheng, G., Bielefeld, E.C., Jamesdaniel, S., Coling, D., Henderson, D., 2009. The effects of acoustic environment after traumatic noise exposure on hearing and outer hair cells. Hear Res 250(1-2), 10-18.
Hu, B.H., Cai, Q., Manohar, S., Jiang, H., Ding, D., Coling, D.E., Zheng, G., Salvi, R., 2009. Differential expression of apoptosis-related genes in the cochlea of noise-exposed rats. Neuroscience 161(3), 915-925.
Chen, G.D., Li, M., Tanaka, C., Bielefeld, E.C., Hu, B.H., Kermany, M.H., Salvi, R., Henderson, D., 2009. Aging outer hair cells (OHCs) in the Fischer 344 rat cochlea: function and morphology. Hear Res 248(1-2), 39-47.
Hu, B.H., Yang, W.P., Bielefeld, E.C., Li, M., Chen, G.D., Henderson, D., 2008b. Apoptotic outer hair cell death in the cochleae of aging Fischer 344/NHsd rats. Hear Res 245(1-2), 48-57.
Bielefeld, E.C., Coling, D., Chen, G.D., Li, M., Tanaka, C., Hu, B.H., Henderson, D., 2008. Age-related hearing loss in the Fischer 344/NHsd rat substrain. Hear Res 241(1-2), 26-33.
Hu, B.H., Henderson, D., Yang, W.P., 2008a. The impact of mitochondrial energetic dysfunction on apoptosis in outer hair cells of the cochlea following exposure to intense noise. Hear Res 236(1-2), 11-12.
Hu, B.H., Zheng, G.L., 2008. Membrane disruption: An early event of hair cell apoptosis induced by exposure to intense noise. Brain Res 1239, 107-118.
Hu, B.H., 2007. Delayed mitochondrial dysfunction in apoptotic hair cells in chinchilla cochleae following exposure to impulse noise. Apoptosis 12(6), 1025-1036.
Harris, K.C., Bielefeld, E., Hu, B.H., Henderson, D., 2006. Increased resistance to free radical damage induced by low-level sound conditioning. Hear Res 213(1-2), 118-129.
Henderson, D., Bielefeld, E.C., Harris, K.C., Hu, B.H., 2006. The Role of Oxidative Stress in Noise-Induced Hearing Loss. Ear Hear 27(1), 1-19.
Hu, B.H., Henderson, D., Nicotera, T.M., 2006b. Extremely rapid induction of outer hair cell apoptosis in the chinchilla cochlea following exposure to impulse noise. Hear Res 211(1-2), 16-25.
Harris, K.C., Hu, B., Hangauer, D., Henderson, D., 2005. Prevention of noise-induced hearing loss with Src-PTK inhibitors. Hear Res 208(1-2), 14-25.
Bielefeld, E.C., Hu, B.H., Harris, K.C., Henderson, D., 2005. Damage and threshold shift resulting from cochlear exposure to paraquat-generated superoxide. Hear Res 207(1-2), 35-42.
Yang, W.P., Hu, B.H. 2004. Comparison of three methods for detecting the death modes of hair cells in the cochlea. Chin J of Otology. 2, 301-4.
Yang, W.P., Henderson, D., Hu, B.H., Nicotera, T.M., 2004. Quantitative analysis of apoptotic and necrotic outer hair cells after exposure to different levels of continuous noise. Hear Res 196(1-2), 69-76.
Nicotera, T.M., Hu, B.H., Henderson, D., 2003. The caspase pathway in noise-induced apoptosis of the chinchilla cochlea. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 4(4), 466-477.
Hu, B.H., Henderson, D., Nicotera, T.M., 2003. Progression of outer hair cell death in the chinchilla cochlea following traumatic noise exposure. Seminars in Hearing 24(2), 111-114.
Hu, B.H., Henderson, D., Nicotera, T.M., 2002a. F-actin cleavage in apoptotic outer hair cells in chinchilla cochleas exposed to intense noise. Hear Res 172(1-2), 1-9.
Hu, B.H., Henderson, D., Nicotera, T.M., 2002b. Involvement of apoptosis in progression of cochlear lesion following exposure to intense noise. Hear Res 166(1-2), 62-71.
Yang, W.P., Guo, W., Hu, B.H., Hu, Y.Y., Wang, P.Y., Yang, W.Y., 2002a. Noise induced morphological changes in the hair cell nucleus of the guinea pig cochlea. Med J Chin PLA 27, 152-153.
Yang, W.P., Hu, Y.Y., Hu, B.H., Guo, W., Yang, W.Y., 2002b. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 protect hair cell from exposure to traumatic noise: observation of the nuclear morphology. Med J Chin PLA 27, 1048-1049.
Yang, W.P., Hu, B., Guo, W., Hu, Y., Wang, P., Jiang, S., 2001. [Synergetic protective effects of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor combined with neurotrophin-3 in F-actin on hair cell after noise trauma]. Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi 36(5), 342-345.
Zou, Y.H., Huang, D.L., Hu, B.H., Zhai, S.Q., Fang, Y.Y. 2001. The role of fibrinolysis in pathogenesis of middle ears adhesion. Chin J Otorhinolaryngol 36, 357-9.
Hu, B.H., Guo, W., Wang, P.Y., Henderson, D., Jiang, S.C., 2000. Intense noise-induced apoptosis in hair cells of guinea pig cochleae. Acta Otolaryngol 120(1), 19-24.
Hu, B.H., McFadden, S.L., Salvi, R.J., Henderson, D., 1999. Intracochlear infusion of buthionine sulfoximine potentiates carboplatin ototoxicity in the chinchilla. Hear Res 128(1-2), 125-134.
Ding, D.L., McFadden, S.L., Wang, J., Hu, B.H., Salvi, R.J., 1999. Age- and strain-related differences in dehydrogenase activity and glycogen levels in CBA and C57 mouse cochleas. Audiol Neurootol 4(2), 55-63.
DING, D.L., Wang, J., Salvi, R., Henderson, D., HU, B.H., McFadden, S.L., Mueller, M., 1999. Selective Loss of Inner Hair Cells and Type‐I Ganglion Neurons in Carboplatin‐Treated Chinchillas: Mechanisms of Damage and Protection. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 884(1), 152-170.
Yu, N., Li, X.Q., Hu, B.H. 1999. The effects of salicylate on noise-induced hearing loss in the guinea pig. Chin J. Otorhinolaryngology. 6, 344-6.
Hu, B.H., Zhou, N. 1999. Effects of cochlear ischemia at different levels on the cochlear microcirculation and the cochlear functions. Academic J of PLA Postgraduate Medical School. 20, 179-181.
Hu, B.H., Wei, G., Wang, P.Y., Jiang, S.C. 1999. Fluorescent staining of hair cell nuclei: the technique for early detection of hair cell death. Chin J. Otorhinolaryngology. 34, 292.
Wang, R.G., Hu, B.H. 1999. Introduction of “Ear and Hearing”. J of Audiology and Speech Pathology 7, 111.
Henderson, D., Hu, B., McFadden, S., Zheng, X., 1999. Evidence of a Common Pathway in Noise-Induced Hearing Loss and Carboplatin Ototoxicity. Noise Health 2(5), 53-70.
Jacono, A.A., Hu, B., Kopke, R.D., Henderson, D., Van De Water, T.R., Steinman, H.M., 1998. Changes in cochlear antioxidant enzyme activity after sound conditioning and noise exposure in the chinchilla. Hear Res 117(1-2), 31-38.
Hu, B.H., Salvi, R.J., Henderson, D. 1998. The technique of chronic infusion of durgs into the cochlea by an osmotic pump. Chin J. Otorhinolaryngology 33, 169-71.
Ding, D.L., Wang, J., Hu, B.H., Zheng, X.Y., Salvi, R.J. 1998. Carboplatin-induced early changes of Dehydrogenase activity in chinchilla hair cells. J of Audiology and Speech Pathology. 6, 20-3.
Ding, D.L., Li, M., Wang, J., Hu, B.H., Zheng, X.Y., Salvi, R.J. 1998. Glycogenosis in cochlea of aging mice. J Clin Otorhinolaryngol 12, 6-8.
Ding, D.L., Wang, J., Hu, B.H., Zheng, X.Y., Salvi, R.J. 1998. Changes of dehydrogenase in the organ of Corti in aged mouse. J Clin Otorhinolaryngol 12, 78-80.
Hu, B.H., Zheng, X.Y., McFadden, S.L., Kopke, R.D., Henderson, D., 1997. R-phenylisopropyladenosine attenuates noise-induced hearing loss in the chinchilla. Hear Res 113(1-2), 198-206.
Hu, B.H., Henderson, D., 1997. Changes in F-actin labeling in the outer hair cell and the Deiters cell in the chinchilla cochlea following noise exposure. Hear Res 110(1-2), 209-218.
Zheng, X.Y., Henderson, D., Hu, B.H., Ding, D.L., McFadden, S.L., 1997a. The influence of the cochlear efferent system on chronic acoustic trauma. Hear Res 107(1-2), 147-159.
Zheng, X.Y., Henderson, D., Hu, B.H., McFadden, S.L., 1997b. Recovery of structure and function of inner ear afferent synapses following kainic acid excitotoxicity. Hear Res 105(1-2), 65-76.
Zheng, X.Y., Henderson, D., McFadden, S.L., Hu, B.H., 1997c. The role of the cochlear efferent system in acquired resistance to noise-induced hearing loss. Hear Res 104(1-2), 191-203.
Fang, Y.Y., Zhou, Q.Y., Wu, T., Hu, B.H., Yang, S.M., Qiu, C.Y. and Yu, L.M. 1997. Effect of Batroxobin on Sudden Deafness. J of Audiology and Speech Pathology. 5, 57-9.
Chen, H.W., Gu, R., Qiu, C.Y., Hu, B.H. 1996. Reference Equivalent Threshold Sound Pressure Levels for ER 3A Insert Earphones. J of Audiology and Speech Pathology. 4, 125-7.
Hu, B.H., Jiang, S.C., 1995. Effect of focal cochlear vascular lesion on endocochlear potential in guinea pigs. Hear Res 89(1-2), 69-75.
Hu, B.H., Jiang, S.C., Gu, R. 1995. Changes of microcirculation in the guinea pig cochlea at different intervals following noise exposure. Chin J of Traumatology 11, 92-3.
Hu, B.H., Jiang, S.C. 1995. Effect of focal cochlear vascular lesion on endocochlear potential in guinea pigs. Chin J. Otorhinolaryngology 30, 146-8.
Hu, B.H., Jiang, S.C., Gu, R. 1995. Changes in the endocochlear potential and cochlear blood flow induced by ATP infusion and arterial occlusion. Chin Med J 108, 428-33.
Zhou, C., Zhang, S., Hu, B.H. 1994. Observation of cochlear microcirculation in experimental endolymphatic hydrops. Chin J Otorhinolaryngology 29, 259-62.
Hu, B.H., Jiang, S.C., Gu, R. 1994. Animal model of ischemia of cochlea. Chin J. Microcirculation 4, 26-7.
Hu, B.H., Fang, Y.R., Jiang, S.C., Wang, P.Y. 1994. The effect of Batroxobin on the focal damage of the cochlear microcirculaiton. The Journal of Japanese College of Angiology 34, 803.
Hu, B.H., Jiang, S.C., Gu, R. 1993. Effects of Carbogen on decreases in endocochlear potential and cochlear microcirculation induced by ischemia of the cochlea. Acta Otolaryngol 113, 720-4.
Hu, B.H., Jiang, S.C. and Gu, R. 1993. Preventive effects of carbogen on decrease in EP induced by ischemia of the cochlea. Chin J Otorhinolaryngology 28 (supple), 17-9.
Hu, B.H., Jiang, S.C., Gu, R. 1993. The roles of cochlear blood and oxygen supply on the endochchlear potential. Guowai Yixue 17, 193-6.
Hu, B.H., Jiang, S.C. Gu, R., Fang, Y.Y. 1993. Changes in microcirculation in old rats. Chin J Geriatrics. 12, 263-5.
Hu, B.H., Jiang, S.C., Gu R. 1993. The technique for measurement of cochlear microcirculation and endocochlear potential simultaneously in guinea pigs. Academic J of Military Postgraduate Medical School 14, 264-7.
Hu, B.H., Jiang, S.C., Feng, Y.Y. 1992. Effects of anisodamine on cochlear blood flow in living guinea pigs. Chin J. Otorhinolaryngology. 27, 325-7.
Hu, B.H., Jiang, S.C., Gu, R. 1991. Observation on cochlear microcirculation in living guinea pigs follow explosion. Chin J. Otorhinolaryngology 26, 6-9.
Hu, B.H., Jiang, S.C., Gu, R. 1990. Cochlear microcirculation –method review. Guowai Yixue 14, 335-9.
Hu, B.H., Jiang, S.C., Gu, R. 1990. The technique of intravital microscopy for the study of cochlear microcirculation. Bulletin of Postgraduate Medical College of PLA. 11, 339-41.
Hu, B.H., Jiang, S.C., Gu, R. 1990. Changes in the cochlear blood supply after impulse noise exposure. Chin J of Pathophysiology 6, 229.