Zealandia Vent

Latitude: 16.88264^οN              Longitude: 145.825^οE             Depth: 500 m bsl

Zealandia Bank is located in Central Seamount Province of Mariana arc. No vent has been found but Resing et al. (2009, Table 4) report clear evidence of low levels of hydrothermal activity. This is based on Light Scatter and Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) measurements using CTD rosette package. The plume is seen in Small Fe, Mn, and weak ³He anomalies for discrete water samples collected above the volcano (Resing et al., 2009). Casts over the western cone and southern flank detected no plume evidence (Baker et al., 2008). Because the vent has not yet been found, there is no information about biological community.

Table 1: Operations history for Zealandia vent

Ship/ Platform	Operation	Year	Dive Number	References
NT09-08 R/V Natsushima/ Hyper-Dolphin	Rock sampling	2009 June	HPD#1019 to HPD#1021	NT09-08 cruise report
TN-153 R/V T. G. Thompson	EM 300 multibeam; CTD vertical cast	2003 February – March	Not found	Submarine Ring of Fire 2003
EX1605/Deep Discoverer	CTD, Scanning sonar	2016 May (Leg 1)	12	Okeanos Deep Discoverer 2016

Table 2: Vent activity and host rocks

Activity and host rocks	References
Activity	Active hydrothermal dischargesNorth Zealandia active while Zealandia and west Zealandia are inactive	Arriaga et al., 2014; Resing et al., 2009Baker et al., 2008
Host Rocks	Basalt and Andesite	Resing et al., 2009

Table 3: Vent fluid characteristics

Vent Fluids	References
Temperature (οC)	Low T?	Embley et al., 2007
Composition	Small Fe, Mn, and 3He	Resing et al., 2009
TDMn (nM)	10	Resing et al., 2009
TDFe (nM)	16	Resing et al., 2009
Δ3He (fM)	0.3	Resing et al., 2009

*Δ³He – Measured above the background.

Table 4: Vent Biology:

General name	Phylum	Class/Order	Family	Species	References
Astrophorid demosponge/lithistid /”rock sponge”	Porifera				Okeanos Explorer 2016 dive summary
Basket stars	Echinodermata				Okeanos Explorer 2016 dive summary
Boarfish (Antigonia)	Chordata				Okeanos Explorer 2016 dive summary
Cookie stars	Echinodermata				Okeanos Explorer 2016 dive summary
Crabs	Arthropoda				Okeanos Explorer 2016 dive summary
Crinoids	Echinodermata				Okeanos Explorer 2016 dive summary
Deepwater squirrelfish (Plectranthias)	Chordata				Okeanos Explorer 2016 dive summary
lestidiid fish (“deep-sea naked barracudina”)	Chordata				Okeanos Explorer 2016 dive summary
Lophiodes (anglerfish relative)	Chordata	Lophiiformes			Okeanos Explorer 2016 dive summary
Parisis corals	Cnidaria				Okeanos Explorer 2016 dive summary
Red snapper	Chordata	Perciformes	Lutjanidae	Etelis coruscans	Okeanos Explorer 2016 dive summary
Sand tiger sharks	Chordata	Lamniformes	Odontaspididae	Carcharias taurus	Okeanos Explorer 2016 dive summary
Urchins	Echinodermata				Okeanos Explorer 2016 dive summary

Images:

• A high-density coral garden that we surveyed at Zealandia

Video Links:

• Zealandia Bank submarine volcano

References:

1. Baker, E. T., Embley, R. W., Walker, S. L., Resing, J. A., Lupton, J. E., Nakamura, K., de Ronde, C. E. J., Massoth, G. J., 2008. Hydrothermal activity and volcano distribution along the Mariana arc: Journal of Geophysical Research 113 (B8), 1-16.
2. Embley, R. W., Baker, E. T., Butterfield, D. A., Chadwick, W. W. Jr., Lupton, J. E., Resing, J. A., de Ronde, C. E. J., Nakamura, K., Tunnicliffe, V., Dower, J. F., Merle, S. G., 2007. Exploring the submarine ring of fire: Mariana Arc- Western Pacific, Oceanography 20, 68–79.
3. Resing, J. A., Baker, E. T., Lupton, J. E., Walker, S. L., Butterfield, D. A., Massoth, G. J., Nakamura, K., 2009. Chemistry of hydrothermal plumes above submarine volcanoes of the Mariana Arc. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 10 (2), 1-23.
4. Suárez-Arriaga, M.C., Bundschuh, J., Samaniego, F., 2014. Assessment of submarine geothermal resources and development of tools to quantify their energy potentials for environmentally sustainable development. Journal of Cleaner Production 83, 21-32.

Website References:

1. Submarine Ring of Fire 2003 http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03fire/logs/summary/summary.html (accessed: 11/25/2015)
2. Submarine Ring of Fire 2006 http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/06fire/background/marianaarc/media/movies/zealandia_video.html (accessed: 11/25/2015)

Cruise Reports:

3. NT10-13 leg2 cruise report http://www.godac.jamstec.go.jp/catalog/data/doc_catalog/media/NT10-13_leg2_all.pdf (accessed: 11/25/2015)
4. NOAA Okeanos Explorer 2016 https://docs.lib.noaa.gov/OEDV/Okeanos_Explorer_2016_EX1605/Leg_1/doc/rov_dive_summaries/EX1605l1_Dive12_Summary_20160502_FINAL.pdf (accessed: 07/05/2016)